Wots a quantum?
The slithy toves
Did gyre and gimbal in the wabe

Reading an author like Robert Anton Wilson (I’ve only mentioned him a few gazillion times), one repeatedly stumbles upon a mysterious beast called “Quantum Physics.” There’s a lot of talk of “uncertainty”, “indeterminacy”, “non-locality” and a whole mess of gobbledegook that seems purely indecipherable to the layman, at least outside of the broadest philosophical applications. The math doesn’t make any god-damn sense, the terminology is immensely abstract, and even the visualizations and thought experiments leave more gaps than definite impressions. If you ask the average fellow “What’s quantum physics?” you’re sure to get an answer like “I dunno.” Or if you’re dealing with a particularly clever fellow, they might say something like “The physics of the very small.” That sounds all neat and tidy, but again it gives rise to more questions than answers.
If you’ve watched a popular science special on the subject, you might say “Well… it’s the kind of physics that explains how really bizarre things could happen, but for all practical purposes will never happen. It also has something to do with lasers and computer technology and… I dunno.” You’ll hear the names rattled off: Heisenberg, Schrodinger, Fermi, and big boys like Einstein and Bohr. But what the heck were any of them talking about?
The first piece of the puzzle for me was a layman’s explanation of Einstein’s Special Relativity. Relativity isn’t a part of quantum theory/quantum mechanics, but it’s another one of those things within physics that everyone’s heard of but nobody seems to ever adequately explain. In RAW’s Cosmic Trigger II: Down to Earth I received the first beacon of insight on the subject.
Relativity works something like this: two identical spaceships with identical equipment for making measurements are orbiting around the Earth at slightly different velocities (speed+direction). They point their highly accurate measuring gizmos at the same river. Spaceship A’s gizmo says the river is 1 kilometre long. Spaceship B’s gizmo says the river is 1.5 kilometres long. It’s the same river, the same spaceship, and the same device. The only variable here is the velocity. So how can the same river be two different lengths at once? Well, the how isn’t so important right now. What’s important is that Einstein’s equations predicted just how different the measurements would be depending on the difference in velocity (more accurately “inertia”.) Everything in the universe has inertia. Everything is moving at slightly different velocities whether being propelled or not. Relativity offers the math to correct the differences in measurement of space and time between inertial systems. If the same experiment were done with atomic clocks on spaceships of differing inertia measuring how long it takes for something on Earth to happen, Einstein’s math would accurately correct the time measurement difference between the atomic clocks.
What’s really shocking here (to me) isn’t that space-time must be a variable (depending on inertial systems) and not a constant. What shocks me is that Einstein had the math ready several decades before we had spaceships or satellites in significantly different inertial systems than those found on Earth to test his numbers. The strange reliability of numbers and the strange ways in which these numbers are determined by intuitive thinkers is a recurring theme in the wacky world of physics.
Now, back to that unholy thing called “Quantum Physics.” The first step here - and probably the most frequently overlooked one - is to define the word “quantum.” Physics is easy enough, it’s the study of the physical world. But what in the name of Xipe Totec is a quantum? Well, this answer came to me from a popularizer of science called John Gribbin.
In Mr. Gribbin’s In Search of Schrodinger’s Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality he offers a concise, layman-friendly description of the history of quantum theory, which developed into quantum mechanics and today is called quantum physics. The “quantum” part refers to teeny-tiny “energy packets”, which are part of subatomic particles like electrons and photons. “Part” is an odd choice of word here, but bear with me. A quantum (or the plural quanta) can only absorb or emit a certain amount of energy. When quanta absorb energy, the subatomic particle of which they are a “part” raises in “energy level”. Quanta also sometimes emit energy, which takes the subatomic particle to a lower energy level. Quanta have corresponding frequencies (like frequencies in the light spectrum) that define how much energy they can absorb or emit. A fellow named Max Planck figured this out about a hundred years ago. He also came up with a schnazzy number (Planck’s constant) to convey mathematically how subatomic particles “jump” from one energy level to another when they absorb or emit energy.
The reason any of this was important is something called the Blackbody Spectrum. The story goes like this: 19th century physicists figured if a lot of energy was provided to a lot of atoms held in a glass sphere with a little hole in it, the average frequencies of the energy contained therein would be very high. In fact, they would be so high they would rise to levels never before observed. It turned out that the experiment proved something totally different: the most common frequency in the Blackbody Spectrum was somewhere in the middle. Classical Physics was stumped. Enter Max Planck and his schnazzy number. By “quantizing” subatomic particles he effectively explained why the high frequency isn’t favoured even with a lot of energy; most of the particles can only absorb a medium amount of energy due to mysterious limits imposed by their “quanta.” The “hows” and the “whys” weren’t really addressed here, but the math worked and the theory was verified experimentally.
From the early 1900s to the late 1920s, the idea of “quantizing” things gradually gave way to a comprehensive quantum theory. Contributions were made by dozens of scientists (almost all of whom became Nobel Laureates). If you want the complete story there, read Mr. Gribbin’s book. For now, I’ll try to give the best hurried explanation possible.
The next important step involved whether light was a wave or a particle. Math and experimentation had proven either theory. It was an embittered controversy, but the greatest minds concerned (Bohr, Heisenberg, and other Big Names of Quantum Physics) decided if both sides have such convincing proof, they must somehow both be correct. This doesn’t seem so outrageous. If they could somehow combine the mathematics, and successfully argue that the “position” of a photon is described in terms of particles and the “momentum” (movement) is described in terms of waves, it would all fit into a neat little package. Things gradually became more complicated as the math didn’t quite jibe, and a full SNAFU broke out when it was experimentally verified that electrons - always thought, nay, KNOWN to be particles - were also waves according to the exact same kinds of experiments that “proved” light was a wave.
If both light and matter were at once both waves and particles, a radical reorganization of thought needed to occur. Some theorists maintained the disposition of a zero-sum game. Schrodinger tried ardently to prove that everything is a wave, and everything moves predictably like ripples in a pond, and furthermore that the inner-workings of atoms can be accurately described in terminology just that simple and serene. It took the crafty and kooky Niels Bohr to set Schrodinger straight. He “invited” Schrodinger to do some research, wherein our boy inadvertently proved his own theory wrong and gave further credence to wave-particle duality. What really cheesed Schrodinger off was how this quantum model required instantaneous “jumping” between energy states that could not be described in terms of Classical Momentum. He said something like “I THOUGHT BY DOING THESE EXPERIMENTS WE WOULD BE DONE WITH ALL THIS DAMNED BUSINESS ABOUT ‘JUMPING’”. I’m exaggerating a bit, but I find his frustration infinitely amusing for some reason.
Einstein ran into similar problems when the very probabilistic/statistical methods he applied to quantum theory seemed to be painting a world of sheer unpredictability and ungodly randomness. “GOD DOES NOT PLAY DICE!” he raged. Personally, I like to think God does play dice. Not only does S/He play dice, but S/He enjoys it thoroughly (sometimes I feel so good I wanna scream.)
As David Byrne said, STOP MAKING SENSE. Now uh, please pardon the digression, ahrhrehm…
Maybe Heisenberg explained it a little better with his Uncertainty Principle. The math here is quite foggy for me, but let’s just say Heisenberg proved mathematically that some level of “uncertainty” must arise when figuring the position (particle theory) and momentum (wave theory) of a quantum energy level jump. The more accurately one describes the position, the more blurred the momentum becomes, and vice versa. But the Uncertainty Principle wasn’t intended to dissuade quantum theorists. Quite the contrary, it was the linchpin of a new Quantum Philosophy often referred to as the Copenhagen Interpretation (cuz a lot of the guys involved with this interpretation were from Copenhagen. A very clever name, indeed.)
While this “interpretation” is not a concise position, the gist is that physics depends on the limitations of mathematics and instrumentation. Quantum physics deals with a world so tiny it could never possibly be observed, so determining Classical concepts like “position” and “momentum” must come down to probability rather than observable fact. And because the world of the Quantum is so tiny, any attempt at visualizing it in everyday terms crumbles under the realization that such visualizations can never be verified. These attempts may even impinge on the progress of science by confusing Quantum ideas with Classical ideas pulled from the World of the Very Large (as we saw with poor Schrodinger and his waves.)
Over the decades following the contributions of the key players in Quantum Physics, a lot more things became “quantized” which allowed for new and increasingly wacky technologies in areas such as optics, genetics and computer science. While new theoretical developments seem increasingly indecipherable (String Theory, Loop Quantum Gravity, etc.) and the particle accelerators of experimental physics don’t seem to be yielding any information that makes much sense to me, at least I’ve arrived at something of a footing in 20th century physics. I’m not sure I’ll ever come to a working knowledge of the mathematics involved, or even all of the layman-compatible details. But I’ve embarked on some kind of start, and hopefully more Curious-But-Uneducated laypersons such as myself will continue trying to untangle the Goddamned Unfathomable Webs of Quantum Physics.
Let it be noted that John Gribbin’s In Search of Schrodinger’s Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality will give the reader a much more complete understanding than this wacky article ever could. In fact, I’ve probably misinterpreted so much of the information in Gribbin’s book I shouldn’t even be writing about it. Oh well!
Now it’s off to Sirius for a good vrooping with the Doggiez. Fare thee well, humble readers!!











